Uvavanyo lwe-Home Autism lubhekiselele kwiindlela zovavanyo ezisekelwe kuqwalaselo eziyilelwe ukunceda abazali babone umahluko okhulayo kubantwana babo besebancinane. Ezi mvavanyo aziboneleli ngoxilongo oluqinisekileyo; Nangona kunjalo, kuyanceda ukuqonda ukuba ingaba umntwana usemngciphekweni we-autism spectrum disorder (ASD) kwiindawo ezifana nokuziphatha, unxibelelwano, intsebenziswano yentlalo kunye novakalelo lweemvakalelo. Ezinye iimpawu, ngakumbi ezo zibonwa ebuntwaneni, zinokuba sisiqalo esibalulekileyo senkxaso yeengcali xa ziphawulwa ngabazali.
Uvavanyo lweAutism olwenziwa ekhaya luqhutywa ngokubanzi ngemibuzo, uludwe lokuqwalaselwa kunye nemisebenzi emifutshane. Olu vavanyo lujolise ekuvavanyeni ukudibana kwamehlo omntwana, indlela asabela ngayo xa ebizwa ngegama, ukunxibelelana noontanga bakhe, indlela yokudlala, indlela yokuziphatha ephindaphindwayo kunye nendlela asabela ngayo kwizinto ezivuselela iimvakalelo. Ngaloo ndlela, iintsapho zinokwenza uhlolo lokuqala ngokujonga indlela umntwana aziphethe ngayo mihla le kwindawo akuyo yendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, akufanele ilityalwe ukuba iimvavanyo zoluphazamiseko lwasekhaya luvavanyo lokuqala kuphela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithini iziphumo zolu vavanyo, kuyimfuneko ukubonisana nodokotela wengqondo yomntwana, i-neurologist okanye ingcali yophuhliso ukwenzela ukuxilongwa okuqinisekileyo kunye novavanyo lobungcali. Iimvavanyo zasekhaya zizifundo ezijolise ekukhuliseni ulwazi phakathi kwabazali kwaye bathathe amanyathelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Olu qwalaselo luxabiseke kakhulu kuba ukuxilongwa kwangoko kuchaphazela imfundo nophuhliso lomntwana.
Yintoni uVavanyo lweAutism yasekhaya?
Uvavanyo lwe-Autism yaseKhaya yindlela yovavanyo esekelwe kuqwalaselo esetyenziswa ngabazali ekhaya ukukhangela iimpawu zoluphazamiseko ebantwaneni besebancinane. Ezi mvavanyo; Inika umbono wokuqala wokuba ingaba kukho umngcipheko woluphazamiseko ngokuphonononga iindawo zokukhula komntwana ezifana nendlela yomntwana yokunxibelelana, unxibelelwano loluntu, indlela yokuziphatha yokudlala kunye nokusabela kweemvakalelo. Ayichazwanga njengovavanyo lwezonyango, kodwa ibonelela ngesiqalo esibalulekileyo kwiintsapho ukuba zenze uvandlakanyo lokuqala.
Uvavanyo lwe-autism lwasekhaya lwahlukile kuvavanyo lwezonyango olwenziwe ziingcaphephe. Ngelixa iimvavanyo zeklinikhi zibandakanya ukubonwa kobuchwephesha, izikali zophuhliso kunye noluvo lweengcali; Uvavanyo olwenziwa ekhaya lusekelwe kwingqwalasela yabazali kwaye alunikezeli ngoxilongo oluqinisekileyo.
Eyona njongo iphambili yolu vavanyo kukwazisa kwangethuba, ukubona iimpawu ezinokubakhona kunye nokudlulisela iintsapho kwingcali xa kuyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, kuyanceda ukuqalisa inkqubo yongenelelo kwangethuba kumntwana kwangethuba.
UVavanyelwa njani iAutism ekhaya?
Uvavanyo lwe-autism lwasekhaya lusekwe ekuqwalaseleni ukuziphatha komntwana kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye kunokuxhaswa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. Olunye lolona vavanyo luxhaphakileyo lweAutism yasekhaya luvavanyo M-CHAT (Uluhlu lokuHlola oluLungisiweyo lweAutism kuBantwana). Olu vavanyo, ngokuqhelekileyo olulungiselelwe abantwana abaphakathi kweenyanga ezili-16 nezingama-30 ubudala, luvavanya izakhono zonxibelelwano lwentlalo zomntwana nendlela yokuziphatha ngokubuza imibuzo engama-20 eyahlukahlukeneyo kubazali. Uvavanyo lwe AQ (Autism Spectrum Quotient), olusetyenziselwa amaqela amakhulu eminyaka, luvavanyo lokuzivavanya olunceda ukulinganisa ukuba ngaba abantu banazo na iimpawu zoluphazamiseko.
Uvavanyo lwe-intanethi lwe-autism olwenziwa ekhaya lukholisa ukuqhubeka ngamanyathelo athile. Okokuqala, uvavanyo lukhethelwa iqela lobudala elifanelekileyo kwaye imibuzo iphendulwa ngononophelo. Imibuzo igubungela ukudibana kwamehlo omntwana, ukuphendula kwigama lakhe, izakhono zokuxelisa, indlela yokudlala, indlela yokuziphatha yesiqhelo kunye novelwano lweemvakalelo. Lwakuba lugqityiwe uvavanyo, inkqubo ihlalutya iimpendulo, izinike abazali iziphumo ize icebise ngenkxaso yeengcali ukuba kukho imfuneko yoko.
Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje, uvavanyo lwe-autism olwenziwe kusetyenziswa usetyenziso oluphathwayo luxhaphake kakhulu. Ezi zicelo zinokubonelela ngemibuzo yomibini kunye neendlela zokujonga ividiyo. Ngale ndlela, abazali banokuqhuba inkqubo yovavanyo ngendlela ebonakalayo kwaye balandele inkqubela phambili ngokurekhoda iziphumo.
Leliphi iqela lobudala eliLufaneleyo uvavanyo lwaseKhaya lwe-Autism?
Uvavanyo lwe-autism lwasekhaya lusetyenziselwa iinjongo zokwazisa kwangethuba, ingakumbi kubantwana nakubantwana abancinci abaphakathi kweminyaka yobudala 0–3. Ngeli xesha, iimpawu ezinjengokungajongani kwamehlo, ukungaphenduli kwigama lomntu, ukungabikho kokuziphatha okuxelisa, ukuthetha emva kwexesha okanye ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiweyo kunokubonwa ngokulula. Ngoko ke, uvandlakanyo olwenziwe besebancinci lunikezela ngokukhawuleza kwinkxaso yeengcali xa kuyimfuneko.
Kubantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-3 kunye ne-6, uvavanyo lubandakanya iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha njengoko unxibelelwano lwentlalo, umdlalo, ubudlelwane bobuhlobo kunye nezakhono zonxibelelwano zibonakala ngakumbi. Kweli qela lobudala, iimpawu ezinjengobunzima bokudlala imidlalo yentelekelelo, ukungabelani ngezinto ezifanayo, ukubambelela ngokugqithisileyo kwisiqhelo, okanye uvakalelo lweemvakalelo zibandakanyiwe kwinkqubo yovavanyo.
Uzichonga njani iimpawu zeAutism ekhaya?
Ukuqaphela iimpawu zoluphazamiseko ekhaya kuyenzeka ngokujonga indlela yokuziphatha yendalo yomntwana kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nangona umntwana ngamnye ekhula ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zizibonakaliso zokuqala ze-autism. Oyena ndoqo phakathi kwezi akajonganga mehlo. Ukususela kwasebusaneni, abantwana kulindeleke ukuba bajonge emehlweni abazali babo. Ukuba umntwana uyakuphepha ukujongana namehlo, ujongana emehlweni ixeshana elifutshane, okanye akamjongi emehlweni kwaphela, le meko ifanele ibekwe esweni.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo aliphenduli kwigama. Iimpawu zoluphazamiseko zinokuquka ukungajiki komntwana xa kubizwa igama lakhe, engasabeli, okanye enze ngathi akayiva into ethethwayo. Ekubeni le meko inokubhidaniswa nengxaki yokuva, kufuneka ihlolwe ngononophelo.
Iintshukumo eziphinda-phindayo zikwangumqondiso ocacileyo onokubonwa ekhaya. Iindlela zokuziphatha ezinjengokuqhwaba izandla, ukungcangcazela, ukujika izinto, nokuphinda amagama afanayo okanye izandi zixhaphakile. Ezi ntshukumo zinokuba yindlela yokuphumla komntwana, kodwa kufuneka zibekwe esweni ukuba zihlala rhoqo kwaye ziqhubekile.
Ekugqibeleni, isimbo sokudlala somntwana sisikhokelo esibalulekileyo. Abantwana abasemngciphekweni woluphazamiseko bahlala benobunzima bomdlalo ocingayo kwaye bakhetha imidlalo ephindaphindwayo njengokupakisha kunye nokuhlela amathoyizi endaweni yokuwasebenzisa ngokwenjongo yabo. Ukunqongophala komdla kwimidlalo yentlalo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.
uVavanyo olwamkelweyo ngokwenzululwazi ye-Autism
Ezinye izikali ezisetyenziswa kuvavanyo lwe-autism zinokunyaniseka kwezenzululwazi kunye nokuthembeka. Ezi mvavanyo zisetyenziswa ziingcali kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuxilongwa. Esinye sezixhobo zokuhlola ezisetyenziswa kakhulu luvavanyo M-CHAT-R/F (Uluhlu lokuHlola oluLungisiweyo lwe-Autism kuBantwana abasaKhasayo - Luhlaziywe ngokuLandelela) uvavanyo. Esi sikali, esiphuhliswe ngokukodwa kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-16-30 yeenyanga, sijolise ekuboneni umngcipheko woluphazamiseko kwasekwangoko ngokubuza imibuzo kubazali, kwaye uvandlakanyo lokulandelela lwenziwa xa kuyimfuneko.
Esinye isixhobo sobunzululwazi ngu **CAST (Uvavanyo lweAutism Spectrum yabantwana)**. I-CAST, esetyenziselwa abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-4 kunye ne-11, isikali sokuhlola esibanzi esivavanya unxibelelwano lwentlalo, ulwimi, ukuziphatha kunye nezakhono zokudlala. Yindlela esebenzayo yokufumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba noluphazamiseko kubantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo.
Phakathi kovandlakanyo olubanzi nolukhokelwa yingcaphephe, ADOS (iShedyuli yeAutism Diagnostic Observation Shedule) ibalasele. I-ADOS luvavanyo olusemgangathweni olusekwe ekujongeni intlalontle yomntwana, unxibelelwano kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kwaye ithathwa njengomgangatho wegolide woxilongo lwe-autism.
Ezona mvavanyo zidumileyo zeAutism kwi-Intanethi
Imithombo ye-intanethi ethembekileyo nenolwazi ibaluleke kakhulu kubazali abafuna ukuvavanya autism ekhaya. Ezinye iiplatifti zamazwe ngamazwe zingakhokelela, ngakumbi ekulungiseleleni inkqubo yokuxilongwa, ukuqaphela iimpawu kunye nokuqonda ukuba inkxaso yeengcali iyafuneka. Nangona ezi mvavanyo zingaboneleli ngoxilongo luqinisekileyo, zinceda abazali benze uvandlakanyo lokuqala.
Enye yezona zixhobo zisetyenziswayo kumazwe ngamazwe yi AutismSpeaks.org. Eli qonga libonelela ngovavanyo lwe-intanethi, umxholo ofundisayo, kunye nezikhokelo zosapho ukunceda ukuvavanya iimpawu ze-autism kumaqela ahlukeneyo obudala. Uvavanyo olufutshane lokuhlola lunokusetyenziswa kubazali ngokusebenzisa indawo kunye nesikhokelo sobuchule sinikezelwa ngokuhambelana neziphumo.
ChildMind.org, omnye wemibutho ehlonitshwayo kwicandelo lophuhliso lwabantwana kunye nengqondo, ikwabonelela ngovavanyo oluthembekileyo kunye nezikhokelo kwiintsapho. Iqonga liquka uphononongo lokunceda ukuqaphela iimpawu zoluphazamiseko, izimvo zeengcaphephe, iinkqubo zenkxaso yosapho kunye nemithombo emininzi kwimpilo yengqondo yomntwana.
Inqaku eliza kuqwalaselwa xa usiza kwimithombo yaseTurkey kukuba uvavanyo lunobungqina besayensi kwaye lusetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo zovavanyo lokuqala. Olu vavanyo lunceda ukuqonda indlela umntwana aziphethe ngayo, kodwa kuyafuneka ukuba udibane nogqirha wengqondo yomntwana okanye ingcali yophuhliso ukuze ufumane uxilongo oluqinisekileyo.
Ngaba uvavanyo lwasekhaya lweAutism luthembekile?
Uvavanyo lwe-Autism yasekhaya izixhobo zovandlakanyo lwangaphambili eziyilelwe ukunceda iintsapho ukuba ziqaphele iiyantlukwano zokukhula kubantwana bazo besebancinane. Ezi mvavanyo zinika ukuthembeka okuthile, ngakumbi kuba zisekelwe ekuqwalaselweni kokuziphatha; Nangona kunjalo, i- ayinawo amandla okwenza uxilongo oluqinisekileyo ngokwayo. Izinga lokuchaneka liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubungqina besayensi bovavanyo olusetyenzisiweyo, amandla okubona omzali, kunye nokuba imibuzo bayiphendula ngokufanelekileyo kusini na. Umzekelo, nangona izikali ezisekwe ngokwenzululwazi ezifana ne-M-CHAT-R/F zinezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka, kuseyimfuneko ukuhlanganisa iziphumo ngovavanyo lwengcali.
Kule mihla, kukho umxholo omninzi okwabelwana ngawo kwi-intanethi phantsi kwegama "lovavanyo lwe-autism", olungenasiseko senzululwazi kwaye lunemibuzo embalwa kuphela. Ukuthintela olo vavanyo olungeyonyani okanye olungekho mthethweni , kufuneka kuthathwe unonophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umthombo uthembekile, uvavanyo lusekelwe kwiimbekiselo zenzululwazi kwaye lukhuthazwa ngamaziko ezempilo avunyiweyo. Ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-autism olusekwe kwiforum engacwangciswanga okanye umxholo wemidiya yoluntu asiyondlela isempilweni.
Akufunekanga ilityalwe ukuba iimvavanyo ze-autism zasekhaya kuphela ngenjongo yokwazisa kunye nokwenza uvavanyo lomngcipheko. Ngoxilongo oluqinisekileyo, uvavanyo lweklinikhi olwenziwa ngugqirha wengqondo yomntwana, umfundisi-ntsapho okanye ugqirha wemithambo-luvo luyafuneka. Nokuba zithini na iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya, akulunganga ukuba abazali bafikelele kwisigqibo esicacileyo ngaphandle kokufuna uluvo lwengcali.
Uvavanyo lwasekhaya okanye iNgcali?
Uvavanyo lwe-Autism yasekhaya linyathelo lokuqala ekuncedeni iintsapho ziqaphele iimpawu ezinokuthi zibe khona ebantwaneni bazo. Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni umphumo emva kovavanyo, akufanelekanga ukuba iintsapho zifikelele kwisigqibo esicacileyo ngaphandle kokufumana uvavanyo lweengcali. Ukuba uvavanyo lwasekhaya lubonisa inqanaba lomngcipheko, kubalulekile ukubonisana no nogqirha wengqondo , ingcali ngemithambo-luvo yomntwana okanye 12 ingcali yophuhliso lomntwana. Ingcali ihlalutya umntwana ngokubanzi ngovavanyo lweklinikhi, ukuvavanya ukukhula kunye neenkqubo zokujonga. Kuba uvavanyo olwenziwa ekhaya iluvavanyo lokuqala kuphela, yeyona ndlela isempilweni ukuxhaswa luluvo lwengcali.
Iimeko ezibhidekileyo kunye neempawu ze-Autism
Njengoko iimpawu ze-autism zinokufana nezinye iimeko, uphononongo olungachanekanga lusenokwenzeka. Umzekelo, abantwana abane intelelo banokubonisa iimeko ezifana nokungalandeli izalathiso, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, kunye nobunzima bonxibelelwano, kwaye ezi mpawu ngamanye amaxesha zinokubhidaniswa noluphazamiseko. Intetho, izakhono zentshukumo okanye izakhono zentlalo zinokuphuhla ethubeni kubantwana abanokukhula kubambezeleka. Le meko inokwenza umfanekiso ofanayo kwiimpawu zoluphazamiseko, kodwa imvelaphi yayo yahlukile.
I-Social phobia, ebonwa kwabanye abantwana, inokukhokelela kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezifana nokuphepha iindawo zokuhlala, ukuphepha ukuthetha, nokungajongani emehlweni. Oku kunokubhidaniswa ne-autism, kodwa kwi-social phobia, umntwana ufuna intsebenziswano yoluntu kodwa uhlala kude ngenxa yokukhathazeka; Kwi-autism, umdla wentlalo uhlala ulinganiselwe. Ngoko ke, uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha lubalulekile kuvavanyo oluchanekileyo.
